Motor Development & Physical Education Chapter 10
Discipline: Education
Type of Paper: Question-Answer
Academic Level: Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)
Paper Format: APA
Pages: 1
Words: 275
Question
Motor Development & Physical Education Chapter 10
Intrinsic Feedback Sensory
information that occurs normally when performers produce movements. It
can come from sources outside the body (exteroception) or inside the
body (proprioception).
Exteroception Sensory information that come primarily from sources outside a person's body, primarily vision, audition, and smell.
Proprioception Sensory information that comes primarily from sources in the muscles and joints and from bodily movements.
Extrinsic Feedback Sensory
information provided by an outside source in addition to that which
occurs when performers produce their movements (i.e. intrinsic
feedback). Sometimes referred to as augmented feedback.
Augmented Feedback Another name for extrinsic feedback
Knowledge of Results Augmented
information usually provided in verbal form after the action is
completed. Indicates something about the degree to which the performer
achieved the desired movement outcome or environmental goal.
Knowledge of Performance Augmented
feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement
(ex: rhythmic, smooth, mechanically efficient, beautiful, etc.).
Kinematic Feedback Feedback
about the displacement, velocity, acceleration, or other aspects of the
movement itself or of the object being moved. A subcategory of
knowledge of performance.
Operant Learning The process of acquiring the capability to behave in ways that produce desirable outcomes.
Reinforcement An
event following a response that increases the likelihood that the
performer will repeat the response under similar circumstances
Negative Reinforcement An
event following a response that removes an aversive condition and
increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response
again under similar circumstances.
Punishment An
event following a response that decreases the likelihood that the
response will be produced again under similar circumstances.
Positive Reinforcement An
event following a response that increases the likelihood that the
performer will repeat the response again under similar circumstances.
Similar to a reward.
Intermittent Reinforcement A feedback schedule in which reinforcement is provided only occasionally
Information Feedback Feedback that provides performers with error-correction information. This feedback can be either descriptive or prescriptive.
Program Feedback Feedback that provides error information about the fundamental pattern of a movement (i.e. the generalized motor program)
Parameter Feedback Feedback that provides error information about the changeable surface features (ex: amplitude, speed, force) of movements
Prescriptive Feedback Feedback
that describes the errors made during the performance of a skill and
some things the learner might do to correct the errors.
Attentional Cueing Prescriptive
feedback that directs learners' attention to the most pertinent
information for correcting a particular performance error
Summary Feedback Feedback provided after a series of performance attempts that informs learners about each of the attempts in the series.
Average Feedback Feedback provided after a series of practice attempts that informs learners about their average performance
Bandwidth Feedback Feedback provided only when errors exceed a certain tolerance level
Absolute Feedback Frequency The total number of times feedback is given for a series of performance attempts
Relative Feedback Frequency The
percentage of performance attempts for which feedback is given. Equal
to absolute feedback frequency divided by the number of performance
attempts and multiplied by 100.
Faded Feedback A
schedule for providing extrinsic feedback in which relative frequency
of feedback presentation is high during early practice and diminishes
during later practice
Instantaneous Feedback Feedback provided immediately following movement completion
Delayed Feedback Feedback provided several seconds or more following movement completion
What are the four ways in which extrinsic feedback can influence learning?
Motivational, Reinforcement, Informational, Dependency-producing Properties
Thorndike's Law of Effect (1927) Law
that says that actions followed by pleasant of rewarding consequences
tend to be repeated, and actions followed by unpleasant or punishing
consequences tend to not be repeated
What are the two problems with punishment? No guarantee that the appropriate response will replace the wrong one and the learner may withdraw
Precision of Feedback Informational
property of extrinsic feedback that tells how closely the feedback
matches the actual error. Can give the direction or magnitude of the
error.
How should precision of feedback be given over the course of learning? Increase over the course of learning.
Dependency-Producing Properties This is what happens when learners become dependent on extrinsic feedback.
Mental Practice When performers think through/about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill in the absence of movement
Mental Imagery
When performers imagine themselves performing a motor skill (from an internal or external perspective)